Political economy

State and development

 Any state? For any development? ..

A lot of the State or a few of them? .. The difference between the Liberals and Social Democrats did not stop after the liquefaction of ink, and the urgency is to think of another model of development Bgaah put an end to the exclusion of a greater number of members of the community. .

Ignace SAC

By Ignace SAC *

For: Alternative Economic , number Estnaúa, No. 35.

End of the century in the midst of a scandal Development reneged on its promise. He knew the world production, carried on the back of the D-strong technological innovations since the half-century, higher growth of population increase, and the level to which this development would be allowed, more easily, to ensure the terms and conditions of a reasonable life for each inhabitant of the land if the circumstances of sharing and fair conditions. However, the development, the opposite, unfortunately, is under Allaadl and availability.

It has been estimated that about one billion of static earth live in affluence live unprecedented, and that the next billion people mired in a cycle of poverty and violence finds rich difficult to imagine or even imaginable, the rest; ie around 4 billion people living below the threshold of poverty. But if the gap to separate the north from the south, the rich countries on poor countries, the line of division between north and south, runs through all societies: in the south, north, there are few who are rich Hollywood live in affluence, but also, and more and more, there is the South in the North : is the Mgosaiana, Atlina, and our poor new number in the millions; system is no longer never need them.

In 1945 Mr. J. wrote. Q. Kumaraaa, one of Gandhi's disciples, saying: "We must approach our work is in the distribution of wealth through the process of production of wealth. And if they are not associated with the production or distribution of Atzkhala together not careful, they often lead to the accumulation of wealth in the hand, and the accumulation of poverty and destitution in the other. "Then he adds:" We can not be measured by the number of indispensable nation of millionaires in this country "(1).

Since then, he has been uttering these words better than words. We must make the distribution of incomes and jobs the crossing points to the development strategy is more likely that we consider products of the process-centered development and increasing profits. It was Mr. Horst Mahler, former Director General of the World Organization of Health ( OMS ), the right to protest to give priority to economic affairs, and running frantic and Allamillot for profit without giving any importance to the cost of humanity for this: "If Qimitm success on the base of the economy pure and solid and alone, YOU NEED permission to kill the elderly and vulnerable and the infirm. Get rid of Albatolojia social death victims!. "

The appropriate correction, too late, by re-distribution of part of the income, which is necessary to take account remains, however, will not be enough to restore balance to the pattern. Not about the here and do not deny the importance of the role of social safety nets. However, no matter how long the lack of correct re-built the initial distribution pattern of production, the assistance of Almgosaian Almtcather number n over time will not be the only pursuant Sazivia real. The paradox of democratic socialism have not worked really convincingly only under conditions of rapid growth and fully operational, however, that these conditions are no longer sufficient at all, and there are chances the least that the upright position in the foreseeable future, except if the engagement entirely in the search for ways and new forms of development .

We are witnessing the consumption and exhaustion of the models that worked in half a century, and is not certain at all that the market economy version of the neo-liberal solve problems. It is enough to look around us to make sure that the tyrant of markets can only exacerbate the current processes of development and deepening distorted. Bembaadtna between the parties; any economy demand that Aatash, and the pure market economy, which is not only utopian in the sense of the word, we must think quickly and rush to the various possible forms of democratic organization of the mixed economies that are still alone is possible whatever the circumstances.

These regulations are embodied through various combinations of public and private, state and contracting and the third sector of civil society on the regular goals and objectives of public interest. As for the right of Mr. Eric Toniepaun: "Whatever it was possible to have the desired balance between the public and private, between state and civil society, between government and the market, there is no one can challenge seriously and should be writing in them" ( 2).

Mixed development space to expand democracy

Not a matter of certainty Mounavhh Davlatah tendency for exaggerated and often you find a corrupt translation, in fact the privatization of state established in the interests of privacy. But now have the same banishment simplistic idea of reform simply passes through as little as possible of state intervention, if not through the dismantled and erased as neo-liberals want to top locations. We need more than ever to seek state Mnumeih towards the twin goals of full employment and equitable distribution of wealth in a holistic framework of respect for ecological constraints, and therefore entitled to the elaboration of a development strategy based on a national program Mnhuth democratically.

Should look like this country the same is now able to impose control effectively for markets and securing the production of public services in the best of circumstances, these services are funded by the tax was fixed system (that is distributed fairly, but it is curtailed to the maximum beloved neo-liberals). Bserna and in the way, should not make mistakes Objective: It is not through the privatization of public enterprises (which have to assess the usefulness of the institution a case by case) we can reach out to state the case of privatization.

The struggle against the new trend of ownership is not disconnected from the democratization of political systems. Must resist the authoritarian tendency induced by the strong growth in some countries with democratic regimes antibody. Democracy is a fundamental value in the light of the tragic experiences of the totalitarian regimes that have flooded this century in the blood. More than that, in the heart of the concept of development itself, we can express the limits of the actual ownership of all human rights by all people: political rights, civil, but also economic, social and cultural. Thus, we identify them, the development mix and interfere with the expansion of democratic space.

In this context must be examined in the Salt articulation between different levels: (Almistoyaloutna, regional, and local). What are the challenges and the limits of decentralization? .. Any form can be diagnosed Atkhaddh transition of power or hold it by the base? .. How can the state to re-balance the disparities in wealth between the parties? .. The fate of all solutions is simplistic excretion. The utopian anarchism for the new idea of a confederation between the local communities do not have a self-centered sense of the components in the world of more and more significant correlation between them. The concept of subsidy unblemished ambiguity is clear: it decides on what is a stop at the local level? ..

And all a priori, the relationships between the different levels of authority require the renegotiation of social contracts. The future belongs to the conduct of contractual and negotiated, and the total resources of the public interest, and a new partnership between the three major groups of social actors referred to above: public authorities, businesses, civil society organizer. To insist again on the central focus of democracy.

Rethinking the global system

Role of the state is still the most powerful sign at the intersection of the national space with the space of cross-homelands. Unlike the recent literature continue to live (happily) in a world of nation-states is responsible for protecting the interests of its citizens. The more underwent the global economy of the actions is commendable for contracting transnational and actors in the financial markets who escape from any control or monitoring, the greater the responsibilities of the States: where they become required to address the important dual of suppression of the negative effects of globalization and seize the opportunities they provide. The defensive strategy poses more complex problems and are forced to rethink the tools and methods that are still available, given the commitments taken at the global level for the benefit of editing.

In parallel, however, must be re-thinking in the global system is increasingly likely to outweigh the Bretton Woods institutions ( World Bank , IMF, international) as well as the World Trade Organization at the expense of the United Nations system. The latter, and without that we make about the effectiveness of the current more fantasies, needs to strengthen and consolidate and re-direct it to the core functions of maintaining peace and revitalize development. Must be interpreted the failure of negotiations conducted in the past Bgaah establish new world economic order as if it were urged to seek new solutions to the problems of acute and complicated more and more: It is the absence of effective regulation of financial markets and commodity markets and diminishing the growing scandal to help the world for the benefit of the weaker development, and the absence of automatic funding for the UN system, to name a few. .

Whenever we succeeded in organizing the global economy and create Mikanezmat for cooperation between countries Almnumeih, the more easier task within each country separately. As should be expected, the issues concerning the role of the state in development has been conducted and in contact with all United Nations conferences without these issues never find the central place it deserves. After the failure of three decades of development, the United Nations chose sectoral approaches, it is certainly less ambitious but less prone to controversy. The weak central operative in the bosom of the World Organization for thinking about development in its entirety is contrary to widen it by collecting agencies and sectoral programs.

Is it wisdom, or fear, opportunism and besieged by the current and the powerful? .. The time has come to confront the problems of development out of the false or tattered. The conference, prepared by La Cnuced (3) for the year 2000 can provide an opportunity that provided a stronger and greater mobilization of the regional committees and the wider open space and welcome to the participation of organizations of citizens.

===========================

Margins:

(1) By some estimates, have been counted 600 billionaires in the world enjoy incomes equal to the incomes of the poorest half of the people, or nearly 3 billion people.

(2) and. C. Hobspaun: "The future of the state," the development and exchange, July 1996.

(3) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development .

Anatomy of failure

 

We have renewed approach Arthur Lewis of the problems of economic and social development theory in search of a balance between market and public intervention.

• By: Gilles de Stalr
• For: Economic Alternative number 254.
• 
  

  Arthur Lewis
  When he was born Arthur Lewis in 1915 was the small island of St. Lucy in the Antilles, a British colony, has obtained its independence in 1979. The island where he died Barbad Louis has got its independence in 1966. The static these two islands, Kogelbah Antilles, in the vast majority of them are descendants of slaves who formed the subject of trade between the three countries in Europe, Africa and the Antilles. Has been the abolition of slavery in England in 1833, but the British colonies did not turn out, however, parks and rosy for the blacks.

• It was Arthur Louis students genius, have left school when he was 14 years of age to work in public administration, because it was ahead of his peers, and age were not allowed to enter the university. And in 1932 when he received a scholarship to continue his studies in England, he wished to become an engineer, but the positions allocated to this specialization was closed and forbidden to blacks, whether in public or private sector, and this prompted him to study Altjarhqubl to turn to study economics.
• . I have known Louis himself being anti-imperialist and socialist democracy, he recalls a meeting of the Association of Local Marcus Karfi if his father took him to when he was age 7 years. When a solution to Lewis in London engaged in the study of colonial practices of Great Britain and mixer legal community, the cradle of the Labour Party intellectuals, and the release of the first books under the banner of the party. The Louis, a student and then professor at the London School of Economics, and he ran the Department of Economics Frederick Hayek, then, did not share the dominant ideology of laissez-faire doctrines then
• That his opposition to imperialism, wrote to Lewis, that led him to embark on the issue of development, having toured in the paths of industrial economics and economic history, which led him, without doubt, to divide his time between teaching and research on the one hand, and his work as a consultant and administrative, on the other . The Lewis did not stop already circling the countries named then-third-world countries pointing and adviser to governments and managers of financial institutions within the framework of his work at the United Nations, along with a basic interest and the chief has is the question of how to interpret and erase the differences in development and poverty caused by it, and that remains , of course, one of the major problems facing humanity, and is working hard to solve.

Underdevelopment and the dual economy

• I punched Lewis early, when he was a student the first cycle, raises questions about the evolution of comparative prices of industrial products and the prices of agricultural products exported by underdeveloped countries; fluctuations important and unexpected price export products in his island of origin, for example, they prevent the management of the economy by trying to achieve the stability of a given. Was convinced then that the traditional theory of prices, such an institution on the marginal analysis of supply and demand, does not help the fuse in the understanding of these phenomena. The model Hekshar and Helen, a modern version of the theory of comparative advantage to Ricardo, do not allow for the interpretation of international economic exchanges are satisfactory and satisfying answer to the Galil.
• During the wandering of a day of the month of August 1952, in the streets of Bangkok, came to intuition, which would make him write and publish in 1954, one of the texts cited more than others in the second half of the twentieth century, Vfahm way the functioning of economies Almnauth backward, we must abandon the hypothesis neo-classical that the fixed amount of work, and return to the classical tradition from Smith to Marx, and thanks to whom he offered the job offer is not paid subsistence finite and has no boundaries. There is the economic growth comes from the accumulation of capital specified by the distribution of income: "The regulations define this classic is now in the same income distribution and growth, while the prices for goods, constitute the issue of less importance."
• The third world countries marked duality makes it spread among urban factory capitalist sector, the sector of traditional subsistence farmers and primarily, but we find also in the urban activities is structured. The productivity in the latter is very modest, as is the standard of living, demographic growth and its very high, as is the under-employment and unemployment, and workers are the points of convergence between these two sectors Monday. The sector capital is already available on the exhibition of the work is limited paid a fixed contour, and this provides him with a profit result in re-employment and investment to the high rates of growth, and this is what explains the growth boom in England at the end of the 18th century and the mid-19th century, a growth that is expected to you know, according to Lewis, the new industrialized countries from the sixties.
• . That a similar analysis applies to the development of border trade between Almanavactorah products exported by rich countries and agricultural products exported by poor countries; exports have the latter constitute only a proportion of weak, less than 20% of the production of agricultural productivity with very weak. The unlimited supply of tropical products, the impact of demand makes little impact on prices, and thus the limits of trade-offs for the benefit of developed industrialized countries

Development and Planning

• The new book by Louis allocated in 1955 to the theory of development of this topic, and unleashed a number of discussions and differences in views similar to that caused by the book in 1954, the title of the book "Theory of Economic Growth" is the title deceptive, as long as it is not with the study of models of abstract and mathematical of the growth was then developed by both economists before Keynes or neo-classical. The Lewis is convinced that the solution to economic problems residing in institutions change more than residing in the price change, and in any case, it is not liberalization of international trade is what will be an engine for the growth of underdeveloped countries. The part of the solution resides in the planning, a topic which was published around a Lewis wrote in 1949, which will return to the theme of the year 1966, and resides in the search for a fair balance between the market and activity of public authorities.
• The economy does not occupy all the attention and thinking Louis; political dimension plays an essential and pivotal role. The authoritarianism and dictatorship deployed Third World constitute another obstacle to development, and education, who are dedicated to Louis many of his writings with his job in the same job now is to measure important academic, can also play a key and pivotal role. Here also criticizes the analysis and evaluation of education up to the cost and price, investment and cost-effective financial; it does not have to adapt education and fit with the market; is on the contrary, one of the most powerful means of changing society, and thinking in education rise from the philosophy rather than rise from the economy.
• The approach of Lewis to the problems of economic and social relocating outside of the mainstream dominant in the economy now, and it was inspirational to a number of writers such as the Emirates of age, developed a model of dual economy, or Albert Hirschman, who borrowed his arguments in favor of a policy of industrialization and protectionism. Analysis has been applied to trend up or trend of bilateral duplication of the job market in developed countries by Peter Doringer and Michel Pure, for example.

• Westernization of the world's mirage

   Not for development that is often presented as if they were the perfect solution for all problems of the South only to alienate the other side of the world. Whether this development, "sustainable" or are "Time" or "internal", they fall always, violently relatively, under the logic of destruction associated with the accumulation of capitalist; it mean differences and the destruction of the environment and cultures, while it is possible to imagine other solutions that take into account the diversity of societies and different solutions, is based on the experiences of economic non-commercial practice has been here or there in different parts of the world.

  Westernization of the world's mirage
  By: Serge Latouche
  For: Le Monde Diplomatique, the number of May 2001
  Final salvation of so-called development
  "Like" development "to a large extent a dead star still see its luster even went out for a long time too, and forever"
  Gilbert Rist ⁽¹⁾
  
  

  Serge Latouche

  Thirty years have passed since the birth of new hope, hope for the peoples of the

  Third World is the same greatness of hope, which was formed for the socialist proletarians Western countries, is the hope of perhaps questionable in view of the great assets and founded, as long as the white man has carried with him before leaving the countries that had already colonized violently. However, the officials and rulers and elites newly independent countries came to the development of their people in the latter as if they had the perfect solution for all problems.
  I have installed the young nations horseback adventure loosely perhaps, but nonetheless tried, and often violent and desperate effort. The project was "Development" is the only legitimacy announced that the elites are in power. Sure we can Nmag to no end to see whether or were not the objective conditions for the success of adventurous modernist yet available, and without that we open this file is huge, everyone will recognize that these conditions were not at all conducive not only to development based on planning and not for the development of a liberal.
  It was the authorities of the new states of the newly independent reality in the clutches of contradictions does not solve it; was not able not to spark development and not on the building, and there were not able not to reject the adoption or Alanjah to process Ii all contribute in the update: Education Medicine the technical department of justice. The "brake" and "obstacles" and "few cases" of each color, which is the beloved of economists, has made ​​the success of the project, which involves engaging in the global competition in the era of "globalization greatest" success has only a little credibility.
  Development is a viable theory of reproduction is not universal and does not accept to be so, first, for reasons of ecology: the limitations of the globe make the mainstream American way of life impossible and explosive.
  The concept of development itself is located in embarrassment, or proof of a double-edged: it either refers to everything and its opposite, and in particular the total historical experiences of a dynamic culture in human history, the experiences of historical empire of China to the empire of the Incas, and that there would be no meaning glory to revive and activate a policy , but need to be disposed of, or to have specific content, which are set then necessarily holdings in common with the Western experience to "take off" the economy has also been developed since the Industrial Revolution in England between 1750 and 1800, and in this case, Vkifma was adjective which Nlsqh by the implicit or explicit content is in the economic development and the accumulation of capital with all the positive and negative, which we knew and we know it.
  However, this hard core, which is the common denominator between the different development situations, and this experience is linked to "values" is in progress and the cosmic and control over nature, and rationality as well as quantity. These values, in particular the value of progress, do not match at all with the aspirations of cosmic deep. These values ​​are linked on the West and have only the echo of a faint in the other communities (2): Communities biotechnology, for example, does not share the Western belief of control over nature; idea of development is the idea of a vicious full of meaning, and practices associated practices are impossible to strictly think of and put in place to which it is forbidden and what can not be thinking about it (3). These Western values ​​is precisely what must be put into question in order to find a solution to the problems of the contemporary world and avoid the disasters that the world economy leads us towards it.
  It was a major development patriarchal movement ("the rich countries to ensure the fate and the fate of the less developed countries"), which covered almost the "thirties victorious" (1975-1945). It is coupled Baltaadih all this is over to the bankruptcy, and evidence for that is that the specific assistance in the 1% of gross domestic product PIB of the countries of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OCDE) during the first decade of development to the United Nations in 1960, which was reduced to% 0.70 years Rio 1992, and 1995 in Copenhagen did not reach the limits of 0.25% in 2000! (4). As further evidence is also the fact that most studies institutes or research centers have closed or are in agony.
  The crisis of economic theory, development declared the year 1980 are in the final moments: we are in the presence of the liquidation of real! The development raises no longer anyone in the world forums "serious": FMI International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the World Trade Organization OMC. . . Etc., but are not even refer to this "issue" in Davos last. It is also the question is not claimed in the south only by some of the victims and their followers loyal: Any non-governmental organizations ONG that eke out of them (5), and the new generation of "non-governmental organizations without borders" axis also "trade charity" very knowledgeable about humanitarian affairs and the immediate intervention rather than centered on the economic take-off.
  Furthermore, the development has been the victim of bankruptcy, which does not accept the argument of the south are less successful in the North. This "withdrawal" conceptual (conceptual) corresponds to the transformation resulting from "globalization" and what is going on behind the deceptive slogan. It was expected to be completed development of national economies, and almost automatically, making the transnational economies and markets to make inclusive.
  Does not exist in a globalized economy anywhere for a theory of the south; All areas and parts of the world is the day "developing" (6), and compared to one world there is the thought and one Oouhd, and the bet change is not only the disappearance of what gives the myth development are some of cohesion, that is, Trickle down effect of any phenomenon of positive effects on everyone.
  
  
  We have lived this experience in all its dimensions in France itself, any development experience "alternative"; were represented in the modernization of agriculture in the years between 1945 and 1980, and has been programmed by technocrats with humanism and implemented by the NGO Christian, which is twinned with non-governmental organizations that is sweeping the Third World countries (10). We have seen the focus and operations automation and manufacturing Balboada, as well as burdening farmers with debt and total use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and dissemination of low-lying feeding. . .
  Whether or not we did not respond to development can be different for different Kanth and what is the same: any process of Westernization of the world. The words rooted in history, it is linked to Pettmtlat instincts often from the grip of awareness among users, but in control of our emotions. There are nice words, the words of a source of happiness, and there are words offensive, there are words to make an entire people in a rampage and overwhelm the world, then there are words toxic, whenever T seep into the blood as an anesthetic D rug desire and confusion on the Queen of governance, and the word development is one of those words toxic. That could certainly announce that since the day that the "sound development is first and foremost that he has made ​​in enriching the parents, that is, you roots (11)" any definition of the word Bnqeidaha. The development has been always will be, which is first and foremost a process of uprooting the roots, it has caused everywhere deepening of dependence and subordination to others at the expense of the autonomy of the communities.
  Do I have to wait another forty years to even pay attention to that development is already in development? .. There is something else other. The existing development is economic war (with the victors, of course, but more with the defeated them as well), is the depletion of the borderless nature, is the alienation of the world and make the ball land on one style, and finally the destruction of all cultures is a difference.
  This is why the " sustainable development ", that this contradiction in terms, is now in the same terrible and conducive to despair and hopelessness! We could have lost at least with the development is likely to have hope that this process be fatal end, and be a victim of its own contradictions and Kpoadtha and nature that can not be due to depletion of natural resources. . .
  So we can think and work for the post-development, and to make post-modernity are of acceptance. Particularly regarding the rehabilitation of social and political relations of economic exchange, the goal of redefining the public interest and a decent life in the social commerce, because the "sustainable development" to deprive us of any horizon out of them, because they promise to development forever.
  Can not take the alternative formula single model; onward development is necessarily pluralistic; It's about searching for patterns and forms of collective prosperity will not be given priority to the material prosperity devastating to the environment and social fabric. The goal of a decent living to take pictures and many variations according to contexts.
  In other words, it's about re-building new cultures, and can call this goal to construction (prosperity), as is the case with Ibn Khaldun or swadeshi - sarvodaya (improve social conditions for all) as is the case with Gandhi, or bamtaare (to be together in the best case ) as is the case with the Altokolor. . . What is important is that this means a break with the machine of destruction that will endure and continue under the name of development or the name of globalization. And can not be that it comes with Almgosaian and people affected by development, but the type of installation in between tradition and modernity lacking penetration and unmanageable. These original creations that can stand here or there at the beginnings of her and begin the process of completion in the development of the gates of hope can we consider the post-development.
  --------------------------
  1) Gilbert Rist, "Development, History of Western belief" Press Political Science, Paris, 1996, p. 377.
  (2 Read Jean-Marc Ela, "tracks the African Renaissance" Manyar de Ivoire No. 51, Africa Rising, May June 2000.
  (3 on this subject see in particular Gilbert Rist, Ibid.
  (4 Read Jean-Pierre Cot, "French cooperation in the case of failure," Le Monde Diplomatique, January 2001.
  (5 "I have finished the word development, he said Bertrand Kabdoh in the conclusion of his book (Christians Third World) [Karthala, Paris 1990, p. 255] losing its attractiveness due to many failed experiments, but it remains the only expression shared by all human beings to express their hopes ".
  (6 It was on the economy, social development is to solve since then replaced the normal economics, but the opposite happened, although some of the vibrations in this direction.
  (7 Bernard Horace, "humanistic ideology or altruism ceremony Lost", Harmatan, Paris, 1998.
  (8 in the words of Mark Bonsula, "Utopia after the triple world" Harmatan, Paris, 1994.
  (9 is not the word development in many African countries in return for any local language, in the absence of the great Mkhial which established the issue.
  (10 Gorneg Read Powell, "Journey to the heart of FNSEA" of Le Monde Diplomatique, January 2001.
  (11 Aledo Sawadogo, is mentioned by Pierre Pradervand, "Une Afrique en marche", color, Paris, 1989, p. 109.